![]() Random sections of liver were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin for microscopy and PCNA immunohistochemistry to determine the fraction of proliferating hepatocytes. Estimated total liver mass at the time of resection was calculated by taking the mass of the resected liver and dividing by 0.64. Recovery of liver mass was determined by the ratio of liver mass to body weight at sacrifice divided by the ratio of the estimated total liver mass at resection to body weight at resection. Animals were sacrificed at 1 hour, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days and 10 days post- hepatectomy, and the regenerating livers were harvested. Mean liver resection percentage was 64 +/− 2%. Mean adult liver size was determined to be 1.23 +/− 0.02g in an independent experiment using Balb/c control mice. Mean resection percentage with respect to mean adult liver size was determined. Resected specimens were weighed, and the abdominal cavity was then closed. The left lateral, left median and right median lobes were ligated and excised as previously described. Eight week old mice were anesthetized using inhaled isoflurane anesthesia and subjected to midventral laparotomy. The mice were sacrificed at specific timepoints (1 hour, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days and 10 days), resulting in three mice per genotype at each timepoint. We further demonstrate that cfos, cjun and NFAT2 are elevated in NFAT4 deficient mice, which may represent a compensatory response to NFAT4 deficiency during liver regeneration.įifteen NFAT4 KO mice and fifteen Balb/c mice underwent two- thirds partial hepatectomy. In its absence, liver regeneration does not proceed to completion. In this paper, we demonstrate that NFAT4 is an important player in liver regeneration. This led to the study of liver regeneration in NFAT4 deficient mice. Previous unpublished data from our lab using a model of NFAT5 deficiency demonstrated a down-regulation of NFAT4 in mice with decreased liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy. In addition to their cytokine expression properties, NFATs have been shown to regulate other genes related to cell-cycle progression, cell differentiation and apoptosis, revealing a broader role of these proteins in normal cell physiology. The physiologic functions of NFATs have been broadly studied, and it is known that the NFAT family plays a crucial role in the development of various organs and in cell proliferation. NFATs were identified in Tcells as rapidly inducible nuclear factors binding to the distal antigen receptor response element, ARRE-2, of the human IL-2 promoter. NFAT proteins are activated by diverse stimuli that lead to increased intracellular calcium levels. Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) is a family of five transcription factors that were initially identified in immune cells these proteins have subsequently been found to be active in several other cell types. Eventual restoration of the original liver mass occurs in 7–10 days. After surgical removal of two-thirds of the liver, hepatocytes exit their mitotically inactive G0 state and synchronously progress through several cell cycles DNA synthesis initially takes place at 12–16 hours post-hepatectomy and peaks at 24 and 40 hours in the rat and mouse, respectively. The best studied model of liver regeneration is 70% partial hepatectomy in rodents. Insufficient liver regeneration can result in death after liver resection or small for size liver transplantation. Clinically, liver regeneration has important implications because many therapeutic strategies depend on the ability of the liver to selfreplicate. After surgical procedures that reduce mass, such as partial hepatectomy or living donor liver transplantation, rapid enlargement of remnant or graft liver takes place to restore liver function. Normal adult hepatocytes are usually quiescent with the potential to replicate in response to certain stimuli. This is a genuine product from this manufacturer.Liver regeneration is a physiologic response of liver mass recovery following loss. This is our way of saying thank you for allowing us to serve you. We pledge to offer the best service and warranty to all of our customers! We are extending a 30 Day warranty on this item. Serial and parallel communication cablesģ0 Day warranty. ![]() NOTE: Instrument will require end user calibration prior to use. Passes all built-in self tests and instrument checks. ![]() Insure reliable and reproducible experimental results. Rigorous testing of thermalīlock temperature accuracy, uniformity, consistency and heating/cooling rates ![]() ![]() Incorporating a Peltier driven heating and coolingĭesign results in rapid heating and cooling performance. The iCycler Thermal Cycler provides the optimum performance for PCR and ![]()
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